Rules of Narration

Narration is one of the most important concepts in English grammar. While doing narration, certain rules needs to be followed which are termed as the rules of narration. Let’s have a look at some of the most important rules of narration.
Changing from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech:
When the exact meaning of a speech that is direct speech is conveyed in reported or indirect speech, no inverted commas should be used.
Direct Speech: Hary said, “I always buy Newborn Baby Essentials from online baby store as it is fast and easy.”
InDirect Speech: Hary said that he always buy newborn baby essentials from online baby store as that is fast and easy.

Changing Tenses in Narration:

1. If the reporting verb is in Present tense or future tense, the tense of the verb is not changed.
Direct Speech: The girl says, “Barbie doll is my favorite toy.”
InDirect Speech: The girl says that Barbie doll is her favorite toy.
2. If the reporting verb is in simple present tense, the tense of the verb is changed into simple past tense in the indirect speech.
Direct Speech: Rima said, “I buy Johnson & Johnson products for my baby.”
InDirect Speech: Rima said that she bought Johnson & Johnson products for her baby.
3. If the reporting verb is in present continuous tense the tense of the verb is changed into past continuous tense in the indirect speech.
Direct Speech: Hary said, “Geeta is dancing a folk dance.”
InDirect Speech: Hary said that Geeta was dancing a folk dance.
4. If the reporting verb is in present perfect tense, the tense of the verb is changed into past perfect tense in the indirect speech.
Direct Speech: Maria said, “I have a car.”
InDirect Speech: Maria said that she had a car.
5. If the reporting verb is in simple past, the tense of the verb is changed into past perfect tense in the indirect speech.
Direct Speech: The lady said, “Many people bought baby products from online stores.”
InDirect Speech: The lady said that many people had bought baby products from online stores.
These are some of the most important rules of narration.

Method to Find the Degree of a Given Polynomial

There are equations and expressions in mathematics. The degree of a polynomial will be nothing but highest exponent that is present in a particular term of it. There can be variables as well as constants in it. Variables are terms whose value change but constants are terms which have the same value throughout. The exponents or power will appear only for the variables. So, only the variables’ exponents have to be checked and the constants left alone. These variables and constants will be separated by the basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction. There can multiplication symbol also. So, degree of polynomial is basically concept which tells about the highest power or exponent of the variable present in it. The degrees of polynomials will be there if there are more than present. The procedure applied or the concept is same. The variables have to be looked into as constants do not have a role to play in finding the degree.

Sometimes there can be more than variable in the same term. In that case all the powers or the exponents of the variables must be added and then the degree has to be found out. This can done by applying the laws of exponents. When two exponents are on terms which are multiplied with each other the exponents are added up. Before finding the degree of the given expression one must see to it is converted it into its standard form. Only then the degree must be found out. Otherwise the answer obtained will be wrong. So, one has to be very careful while finding the degree if the standard form is not given. Standard form is nothing but converting the expression into a form when the terms in it is just separated the arithmetic symbols.  Once this is done the basic requirement to find the degree is fulfilled and the degree can easily found out.

The process of finding the degree is quite a simple process and does not take much time, if the expression is already given in its standard form. If it is not given in the standard form then it must be first converted in to standard form and then the degree has to be found out. This make a little more time than the usual procedure. But to convert the expression into the standard form and finding the degree is more interesting .

How to write a letter to a friend?

Letter writing is an important part of primary school education. Though letter writing in real life has overshadowed by emails and messages, in schools letter writing is still valued in the stepping stone towards learning. A letter to a friend is an informal letter where the person approaches his or her friend directly about any topic with considering any formal etiquette. Let’s have a look at a sample of letter written to a friend.
7th November
Dear x,
I hope you are doing fine. I am also doing well. Since we met last year during Christmas holidays, this is my first letter to you. I am waiting for Christmas holidays. Christmas is approaching and I wish to meet you again this year. I have already prepared my wish list and I hope each of them is fulfilled. This year during Christmas I also have to buy a lot of gifts, as my nephew and nieces from my elder sister are coming to stay with us during Christmas holidays. I am so confused with what I should buy for these kids. I think I should buy some Barbie, Disney or Chota Bheem toys online. A few good sites have encouraged me to buy Barbie, Disney and Chota Bheem toys online. Also I am planning to gift a Little Mommy talking doll to my niece. As girls love dolls, I hope she will enjoy playing with the Little Mommy talking doll . I have also heard MeeMee products are hugely popular. I can even buy Mee Mee products online. Let me know if you are aware of some other good ones. We are planning to go to a resort after Christmas for New Year celebration and you are heartily invited. Please try to come; we will have a lot of games and fun.
Give my love to uncle and aunty and ask them to visit us some day. Looking forward to receive your suggestions and plans for Christmas and wish to see you during the holidays. Take care.
With love,
Your friend y

This is a sample of letter written to a friend.

Adding and Subtracting Positive and Negative Numbers

Positive and Negative numbers are important concepts in arithmetic. A number that is greater than 0 (zero) is called positive number. On the other hand, any number that is less than 0 are called negative numbers. A positive number can be written with the plus sign in front of the number or just as a number. For example: 1, 2, 3, 4 …….n. A negative number is written with the minus sign in front of the number. For example: -1, -2, -3, -4…..-n. There are different rules of operations for positive and negative numbers. The basic sets of rules are the addition and subtraction rules of arithmetic for positive and negative numbers. Let’s have a look at the same in this post.

Adding Positive and Negative Numbers
Positive + Positive = Positive: The sum of two positive numbers is equal to a positive number. For example: (2 girls’ vest ) + (3 girls’ vest) = 5 girls’ vest.
• Positive + Negative = Negative: The sum of one positive and one negative number results a negative number. For example: (2 toddler shoes) + (- 5 toddler shoes) = - 3 toddler shoes.
• Negative + Negative = Positive: The sum of two negative numbers results a positive number. For example: (- 2 online baby stores ) + (- 2 online baby stores) = 4 online baby stores.
• Negative + Positive = Negative: The sum of one negative and one positive number results a negative number. For example: (-3 apples) + (5 apples) = - 2 apples
Subtracting Positive and Negative Numbers
• Negative – Positive = Negative: When a negative number is subtracted by a positive number, the result is negative. For example: (-8baby shoes) – (3 baby shoes) = -11 baby shoes
• Positive – Negative = Positive: When a positive number is subtracted by a negative number, the result is positive. For example: (8 baby slings) – (- 5 baby slings) = 13 baby slings.
• Negative – Negative = Negative: When two negative numbers are subtracted, the result is negative. For example: (- 5 oranges) – (- 5 oranges) = - 10 oranges.
These are the rules of addition and subtraction for positive and negative numbers.

Difference of Sets

Difference of Sets is the operation on set(s). if there is a st A and a st B then st difference A – B  gives the elements of st A that are not in st B. similarly by Difference Set B – A gives the elements of st B that are not in st A.

As shown in above Venn diagram A – B is the closed curve with blue outline. This shows clearly that A– B is composed of those elements which do not belong to st B. set diffrnce A – B can also be stated as st A – (A∩B).  A∩B is the part which is common in A and B. so A – B is said to be that part of A which has exclusion of common part of A and B or which excludes common part with st B.

A – B = {x: x ∈A,and  B}
For example if there exists a st S1 {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10} and st S2 {2, 6, 7, 4, 8, 5} then S1 – S2 gives the elements of S1 that are not in S2 {1, 3, 10}. As you see this difference does not contain any element of S2 and also it contains only those elements of S1 that are not in st S2 or that are uniquely in st S1. Similarly S2 – S1 or above example gives a st = {6, 7, 5}.

Symmetric Difference of Sets is another operation done on sts as explained below:
Given two sts A and B then by symmtric Difference Sets A and B gives those elements of A and B which are either in A st or in B st but not in both st. We can also say that it gives the union of two sts but excluding the common element of them or intersection of them. This operation is represented as: A ∆ B = (A ∪B)-(A ∩ B ) as shown in diagram given below:

   
Example: if st A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} and st B = {3, 6, 7, 8, 9} then A ∆ B = {2, 4, 5, 8, 9}. Elements 3, 6, 7 are not there as they are common in both the sts. Another way to do it is find union and intersection of both sts and subtract intersection from union as:  A ∪B  = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and A ∩ B = {3, 6, 7}. So (A∪B)-(A∩B ) ={2,4,5,8,9}
R Set Difference of B and A gives elements of B but not of A.

Tenses – Past, Present and Future

Tense is one of the most important concepts in English Grammar learning. Tense in English grammar is a category that refers to a situation in time. This concept of time is classified into three types of tenses, namely: Present Tense, Past Tense and Future Tense. Let’s have a look at each of the type of tenses.
Present Tense:
Present tense is a type of tense that refers to the current time. In simple terms, the tense that is a verb referring to the action or expression of present is called present tense. For example:
• She is listing down return gift ideas for the party. (Here, it is present tense because ‘she’ is listing down the return gift ideas in the present time.)
• Sana is exploring the online infant shopping India collection. (Here, it is present tense because ‘Sana’ is exploring the online infant shopping India collection in the present time.
• I am eating. (Here, ‘I’ am eating at the present time.)
Past Tense:
Past tense is a type of tense that is a verb referring to an action or expression in the past. For example:
• Mary’s cousin bought nappy pads online sometimes back. (Here, the sentence is referring that Mary’s cousin has bought nappy pads online in the past.)
• I had a heavy lunch this afternoon. (Here, it is past tense as the sentence is referring to the lunch happened in the past)
• I was eating. (Here, I was eating at the past time.)
Future Tense:
Future tense is a type of tense that expresses actions or state something in future. For example:
• India will be having many new online stores in the near future. (Here, the verb is referring to a situation in future.)
• My niece will start going to school from next year. (Here, niece will go to school in future.)
• I will eat. (Here, I will eat in future)
These are the three types of tenses in English Grammar.

Introduction to rectangle images:

Rectangle is one of the 2D object and also quadrilateral regular polygon. It contain four sides. Opposite of the sides are equal in rectangle Image. Rectangle image having four sides. Each side are intersected with 90 degree Two sides are lengths of the rectangle. Two sides are width of the rectangle. In rectangle images Opposite sides of lengths are equal and also opposite sides of width are equal. Rectangular changes should be based on length of the rectangle and width of the rectangle.

Basic Concepts of Rectangle Images:

 From the above image AB,BC,CD,DA These are Sides of the rectangle Image.

AB and CD are Parallel sides of the rectangle Images

AB and CD These are Length of the Rectangles

BC and AD These are Width of the rectangle Images

AC and BD Are Diagonals of the Rectangle Images (Rectangle Image Contains Two Diagonal AC and AD .Two Diagonals Are Equal length o f Rectangle Image)

 Area and Permeter of Rectangle:

Area of the rectangle:Area of the rectangle is Prodouct of Length and  width

Area of rectangle= Length*Width

Perimeter of the rectangle=2(Length + Width)

Example Problems in Rectangle Images:

Ex 1: Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 10m and width is 25 m .

Solution: Area of the rectangle is Product of Length and  width

Area of rectangle= Length*Width    =10*25,  Area = 2500 m^2  

Ex 2: Find the Perimeter of the rectangle image?

Solution: Perimeter of the rectangle=2(Length + Width)

From the given image Length =20,width= 5

Perimeter = 2(5+20)    =2(25)    =50cm

Ex 3: Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 1/2m and width is 8/15 m .

Solution: The area of a rectangle is multiplication of Their length and Width

Length= `1/2` in

Width=`8/15`

Area = Length * width = `1/2 xx 8/15 = 8/30 = 4/15`

Area= `4/15` in^2

Ex 4: Find the Perimeter of the rectangle image,Their length is 12 and width is 2

Solution: Perimeter of the rectangle=2(Length + Width)

From the given image Length =12,width= 2

Perimeter = 2(12+2)      =2(14)  =28cm